Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe free essay sample

An essay review of the book Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe set in late 19th century Nigeria, in the midst of colonialism. This review compares the relationship between Okonkwo and his father, Unoka, in the novel Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe. The author discusses the similarities and difference between the father and son with specific examples and how their relationship impacted Okonkwos life. The paper consists of an introduction with thesis, body with quotes, and conclusion. The central character of the story is Okonkwo, a wealthy and respected warrior of the Umuofia clan, part of a consortium of nine connected villages of the Igbo tribe. Okonkwo is an influential clan leader whose hard work and bravery in war have earned him a high status within his clan. He was feared among neighboring villages and within his own home as well. Okonkwo was haunted by his late fathers reputation. We will write a custom essay sample on Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Unoka had died a debtor, owing many villagers. He had spent his life poor and idle, preferring music and conversation to war and status.

Taxation - Theory - Practice & Law Capital Loss of Assests

Question: Discuss about the Taxation, Theory, Practice Law for Capital Loss of Assests. Answer: Case 1: The capital gain or capital loss happens due to sale of capital assets. The understanding of capital assets and the valuation of the assets is completely dependent on nature of assets. The assessment of Capital gain or capital loss is calculated from the difference between historical cost of the assets sold and the sale price. If the sale price is higher than the acquisition cost of the asset then theincome generated out of the sales is to be considered as capital gain. The capital gain tax is a income tax but tax implications are different from regular income. There are some exceptions and rules regarding assessment of capital gains are contained in various sections Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 to be discussed below(Yourinvestmentpropertymag, 2016). The revenue nature of income is different from capital gain, therefore capital gain or capital loss cannot be adjusted against normal income. The revenue income will not be clubbed with capital income for tax calculation. The capital losscan only be adjusted againstfuture capital gains from sale capital assets. If the capital loss cannot be adjusted in the same accounting year, then the capital loss can be carried forward to the next year. According to the income tax act, personal assets are almost exempt from the capital gain tax. The CGT is not applicable for those assets on which depreciation is charged. It is important to understand the fact that Australian tax resident earns from the sale of property situated other place then Australia, gain on the sale of the assets will be taxed as capital gain tax in Australia(Pwc, 2013). According to Australian Income Tax act, residential house sold by assesses is not considered as the capital assets. The profit from the sale proceeds is not capital gain. The income from the sale of assets is neither considered as capital gain or normal income. The single dwelling house is not covered under capital assets but there are some criteria that will have to be fulfilled. The resident taxpayersdwelling property is under tax exemption from capital gain tax arising out of sale of the property. There are some important considerations that will have to be covered, including the fact that the individual has to dwell or live on that property. There person has to reside at the property. The property has not been used for the business purpose even in part thereof. The address of the property shall match with the electoral roll of the assessee. The other address proofs like electricity bill and the gas connection shall also substantiate the fact that this is only the dwelling property of the assesse(Koulizos, 2016). The exemption will be allowed from capital gain tax in full provided the resident fulfilling the following criteria; The assessee and his family own the house for the full financial year. The property is not in any way being used by the assessee to produce assessable income- and the person has not used any part of the property for use of business. The land area is below two hectares or less of the property. Here the case is however not part of the exemption but it is more relevant to the fact of assessment of the tax. The sale of real estate can also be considered as normal business income, if the property was bough and developed with the intension to make profit out of the investment. Here in this case the factor is considered different and the assessment is completely based on capital gain tax. There is exemption allowed in case the property is inherited by the assessee. The property is inherited but considering the fact that property was residence of the person who left it to the current owner. The assessee needs to keep record of cost incurred during handover of the property(Yahoo, 2016). In this problem the assessee had incurred loss from investment in shares. The loss from the investment is capital loss and that loss can be carried forward to the next year and can be deducted from the capital gain. Shares are sold either generates income or generate loss is to be treated as capital gain and it becomes subject to capital gain tax. Using Indexation Sale Proceeds $800,000 Less: Purchase Price $100,000 Stamp Duty $2,000 Legal Fees $1,000 $103,000 Improvement Cost $20,000 Index March, 1987 $45 August, 2015 $108 January, 1990 $56 Sale Proceeds $800,000 Less: Index cost of acquisition $245,563 Less: Indec cost of Improvement $38,434 Taxable Capital Gain $516,003 Less: Loss on capital gain $10,000 Total taxable capital gain $506,003 Tax on Capital gain Tax on 180000 $54,547 After 180001 to 516002.92 $146,701 Tax Payable $201,248 Discount Method Tax on 180000 $54,547 Tax on Rest $225,000 Total Tax $279,547 50% Exemption $139,773 The capital gain assessment can either be done on the basis of indexation or the discount method can be used to calculate capital gain. The discount method will be applied if property belongs to a trust and to a society or to any person. Under the discount method capital gain tax is reduced by 50%. Here in this case, Fred is a resident who signed a contract to sell his holiday home in the Blue Mountains in August last year. The sale was settled in February this year when Fred received $800,000 from the purchaser. Fred incurred legal fees of $1100 (Inclusive of GST) and real estate agents commission of $9,900 (Inclusive of GST) in relation to the sale(Workingin-australia, 2016). The holiday home in March 1987 for $100,000 and paid $2,000in stamp duty on the transfer and $1000 in legal fees. In January 1990, Fred engaged a builder to build a garage on the property for $20,000. Case 2: The fringe benefit tax is nothing but the extra monetary benefit or benefit in kind, which can be valued in money is provided to the employee as a recognition of his ability and loyalty. Fringe benefit is a different kind of facility apart from salary and wages paid to the employees, the nature of the benefit cannot be equaled to or shall not be considered as salary or wages. The Australian income tax act has definition for fringe benefit, according to the definition and fringe benefit tax rules benefit provided to the respect of employment. There are effective ways to calculate fringe benefits provided to the employee. The calculation of benefit provided to the employee in course of employment will be calculated in comparison to the market value of the benefit provided to the employee. If employee has benefited from it the benefit amount will be considered as taxable income and to be taxed according to the normal income tax rate(Ato, 2016). This offers an employee to use a work car for the private purpose. Work car for private purposes Offering cheap loan employee's gym membership By way of free tickets to concerts Foods at restaurants and accommodation facility Reimburses an expense incurred by an employee incurred by an employee(Ato, 2016) The benefits provided in respect to the employment and the use of those facilities is mainly for work is not considered as fringe benefit. The computers, laptops and mobile phone given to the employee to be used for the work related purpose will also not be used will not be considered as fringe benefit and hence will not be taxed. There are specific exemption limits mentioned in the income tax act and the exemption will be disallowed once the benefits are used primarily for office purpose and later on for the personal reasons(Ato, 2016). The benefits which are not considered as employment benefits will be taxed in the hands of the employee. The cheap loan provided to the employee will be taxed to the extent the loan is enjoying interest free benefit or low interest rate. The taxable value of the loan will not be considered as fringe benefit can be reduced in accordance with the income tax rules of Australia. The taxable value will be reduced to the extent the interest is paid against the loan. If the employee uses the loan for investment in fixed interest bearing instrument, the interest received from the instrument will be reduced by the amount of interest paid by the employee(Ato, 2016). Here in the case the company Periwinkle provided car to his employee Emma which she uses for work purposes. The cost price of the car was $33,000 (including GST). She travelled 10,000 kilometers in and the car expenses incurred of $550 (including GST). Emma has never used that car for personal reasons. Emma's usage however is not restricted to work but she could have used it for personal purpose. In fact she has not used the car for her personal purpose. Therefore the facility provided to her not is considered as fringe benefit(Ato, 2016). Apart from the car the following facilities are also provided to Emma; Periwinkle provided Emma loan of $500,000 at an interest of 4.45%. the loan amount is used partially to buy holiday home worth of $450,000 and rest $50,000 she gave to her husband on interest free to purchase shares. Emma purchased a bathtub from Periwinkle for $1,300. The bathtub costs in the market at $2600 and company cost is $700(Ato, 2016). To calculate fringe benefit tax; first case is however tax exempt as car was used by Emma for official purpose only. This car use will not be considered under FBT. The use of lower interest loan from the company would be treated as the fringe benefit; 1 Calculate the taxable value of the loan fringe FBT Tax 28250 Deduction $500000 @4.45% 22250 6000 FBT Benchmark Interest Rate 5.65% 2 Interest rate charged on $50000 28250 at 5.65% 3 Employee paid interest equal to the amount of FBT Tax $450000 @ 5.65% 25425 4 Employee is being charged interest on the loan Taxable Amount more than $50000 2225 5 Subtract deductible amount 23200 step4 from amount in step 3 6 The taxable value is the result from 28250 step1 minus the result from step5. Less: Interest paid on purchase of Shares 2225 Total Taxable fringe benefit 26025 The taxable fringe benefit as calculated above would be $26025. Emma purchased a bathtub manufactured by Periwinkle for $1,300. The bathtub cost Periwinkle $700 to manufacture and is sold to the general public for $2,600. Therefore the tax amount will be added with another $1300 ($2600-$1300). Total taxable fringe benefit to Emma would be $27325(Ato, 2016). The fringe benefit tax rate for accounting yearending 31 March 2016 and 31 March 2017 is 49%. Emma will have to pay tax on $27325 @ 49% tax amount will be added apart from the tax calculation on her salary and other income. The tax liability of the employee would be increased significantly as she used the benefits provided to her and the benefits are being diverted for the use of personal purpose(Ato, 2016). Bibliography Ato, 2016. FBT exemptions and concessions. [Online] www.ato.gov.au Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/General/fringe-benefits-tax-(fbt)/fbt-exemptions-and-concessions/ [Accessed 19 September 2016]. Ato, 2016. Fringe benefits tax rates and thresholds. [Online] www.ato.gov.au Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/Rates/FBT/ [Accessed 19 September 2016]. Ato, 2016. How to calculate your FBT. [Online] www.ato.gov.au Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/General/Fringe-benefits-tax-(FBT)/How-to-calculate-your-FBT/ [Accessed 15 September 2016]. Ato, 2016. Reduction in taxable value where interest would have been deductible to employee. [Online] www.ato.gov.au Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/General/Fringe-benefits-tax-(fbt)/In-detail/Employers-guide/Loan-and-debt-waiver-fringe-benefits/?page=8#8_8_Reduction_in_taxable_value_where_interest_would_have_been_deductible_to_employee [Accessed 19 September 2016]. Ato, 2016. What is fringe benefits tax? [Online] www.ato.gov.au Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/General/Fringe-benefits-tax-(FBT)/In-detail/Employers-guide/What-is-FBT-/ [Accessed 19 September 2016]. Ato, 2016. Work-related items exempt from FBT. [Online] www.ato.gov.au Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/General/fringe-benefits-tax-(fbt)/do-you-need-to-pay-fbt-/work-related-items-exempt-from-fbt/ [Accessed 19 September 2016]. Business, 2016. Fringe Benefits Tax (FBT). [Online] www.business.gov.au Available at: https://www.business.gov.au/info/run/tax/fringe-benefits-tax [Accessed 13 September 2016]. Koulizos, P., 2016. What is Capital Gains Tax? [Online] www.realestate.com.au Available at: https://www.realestate.com.au/advice/what-is-capital-gains-tax/ [Accessed 19 September 2016]. Pwc, 2013. Australia: Legislation to remove 50% capital gains tax discount for foreign and temporary residents is now law. [Online] www.pwc.com Available at: https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/hr-management-services/newsletters/global-watch/assets/pwc-australia-removes-capital-gains-tax-discount.pdf [Accessed 19 September 2016]. Workingin-australia, 2016. Understanding Australian capital gains tax. [Online] www.workingin-australia.com Available at: https://www.workingin-australia.com/money-and-costs/tax/capital-gains#.V-KJ5fl97MU [Accessed 18 September 2016]. Yahoo, 2016. What % rate is capital gains tax in australia? [Online] au.answers.yahoo.com Available at: https://au.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080209205535AAkTXFh [Accessed 18 September 2016]. Yourinvestmentpropertymag, 2016. Capital Gains Tax Estimator. [Online] www.yourinvestmentpropertymag.com.au Available at: https://www.yourinvestmentpropertymag.com.au/calculators/capital-gains-tax/ [Accessed 19 September 2016].

Essay Topics For Your Seventh Grade English Class

Essay Topics For Your Seventh Grade English ClassIt can be hard to decide what essay topics to use for your seventh grade English class. While this may seem to be a difficult assignment, there are several resources that you can use to help you find essays and other writing assignments suitable for your class.One of the easiest and most common ways to find topics for your class is by using the free resources offered online. For example, many sites offer teacher resources, community resource lists, and homework assistance. These lists can be particularly helpful when you have a large group of students to choose from.For those who do not have large classes, you may want to check out the classifieds for a long list of essay topics. This list can often help you find assignments that are very specific and not general topics. You may also want to check out those blogs that specialize in a certain topic.You will also want to consider using an essay-writing software program to help you write better. Many of these programs include grammar checkers, spell checkers, and story-telling capabilities. Many also have a chat function, which will allow you to interact with others as you write.Of course, a grammar checker can make your work much easier, but it should not be your only tool. As long as you don't make it too easy, you will get better reviews from the teachers. If you do not think that you can write better, then consider buying a writing program.After using a program, you will want to practice it with several essay topics. When you do, make sure that you write about topics that you would be proud to use in a real-life situation. The practice exercises that the software will provide will also be valuable, because they will help you find the right way to write about that topic.There are a lot of resources available to help you find essays and other writing assignments that will be suitable for your eighth-grade English class. You may find it much easier to find a good o ne for your class if you use these tips.

Aristotle Essays (378 words) - Philosophy, Natural Philosophy

Aristotle Aristotle Aristotle was a Greek philosopher, educator, and scientist. He was one of the greatest and most influential thinkers in Western culture. He familiarized himself with the entire development of Greek thought preceding him. In his own writings, Aristotle considered, summarized, criticized, and further developed all the intellectual tradition that he had inherited from his teacher, Plato. Aristotle was the first philosopher to analyze the process whereby certain propositions can be logically inferred to be true from the fact that certain other propositions are true. He believed that this processor logical inference was based on a form of argument he called the syllogism. In a syllogism, a proposition is argued or logically inferred to be true from the fact that two other propositions are true. Aristotle also believed in a Philosophy of nature. In this he believed the most striking aspect of nature was change. He even defined the philosophy of nature in his book Physics, as the study of things that change. Aristotle argued that to understand change, a distinction must be made between the form and matter of a thing. He is even the man given credit for the idea of matter and form. Aristotle's philosophy of nature includes psychology and biology. In On the Soul, he investigated the various function of the soul and the relationship between the soul and the body. Aristotle was the world's first great biologist. He gathered vast amounts of information about the variety, structure, and behavior of animals and plants. Aristotle died in 400 BC leaving many great works and ideas behind him. From about 500 AD to 1100 AD knowledge of Aristotle's philosophy was almost completely lost in the West. During this period, it was preserved by Arabic and Syrian scholars who reintroduced it to the Christian culture of Western Europe in the 1100's and 1200's. Aristotle enjoyed tremendous prestige during this time. To some of the leading Christian and Arabic scholars of the Middle Ages, Aristotle writings seemed to contain the sum total of human knowledge. Aristotle's authority has declined since the Middle Ages, but many philosophers of the modern period owe much to him. The extent of Aristotle's influence is difficult to judge, because many of his ideas have been absorbed into the language of science and philosophy. Biographies

Proposal of Student Jnformation System Essays

Proposal of Student Jnformation System Essays Proposal of Student Jnformation System Essay Proposal of Student Jnformation System Essay CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Proposed Research Topic: Shortcoming of IFM Student Management System Meaning of Student information system Student information system is a software application for education establishments to manage student data. Also known as student information management system(SIMS),student record system(SRS), student management system(SMS). Objective of proposal: IFM’s students claim that student management system is very inconvenient to them as the end users of the system during day to day operations. Due to this fact, we will concentrate on enhancing the system functionalities that have proved to have weakness such as to enable the system to calculate GPA at the end of each semester and make the system reliable and available for student to view their results and fee payment. Background: The background of student information system starts from manual management of information like the result to be provided to the notes board where as the area of student to access the result. This were difficult for the student to access the information due to increase number of student, and the system were moved to computerized that start with SARIS and now SIS but there are a sort of problem. Not only student but also management increased their performance due to shifting from manual operations to computerized operations. Therefore, this project shall be conducted in team work by four members in the IFM (The Institute Of Finance Management)premises which I located at city center opposite to national Museum. The first member is a team leader and he is specialized in projects management, the second member is specialized in research and data analysis, the rest two members are specialized in system development and maintenance process. Shortcoming of Student Management System IFM student management system has proved to have a several problems (shortcoming) regarding to the user who are students. The system seems to be very inconvenient to the users as it is viewed from its different functionalities as demonstrated below: Lack of relevance information Lack of relevance information such as in the module section, because it contains non-relevant subject for example for Bsc. IT module, Audit has been indicated as one of the subject to be selected during second year study where as it not part of subject to be selected or studied by IT student so it lead to confusion and inconvenience during selection of module. It also has poor organization of necessary information, module should be divided based on semester and not year. It should enable user to see the overview/content of each subject for example in case of† IS project† it should shoe the content of this subject so as student should get a picture of what is going to cover regarding to the subject, this will enable student to be aware when selecting an option subject. In case of GPA The system should calculate the students’ GPA at the end of each semester. This shall make student aware of his academic performance so helping him/her to make strategic plan on how to improve his/her performance and enhance seriousness of the student System reliability The system is not reliable because when maintenance or updating information in one of its functionality negatively affect the other functionality for example during uploading of result, student may not even be able to access other functions such as fee payment, home as well as student profile despite the fact that only function that deal with result is maintained. Instead message that says †system is undergoing maintenance† appear and no any function can be accessed. Poor interface System interface should not require user to scroll down or up so as to access some information instead all information should be arranged in a manner that all features appear to fit to the screen width and height. In results and payment link Information are not integrity, this problem show that the data can be changed at any time when the system used or accessed, for example on result you can look the result on this time are not the same when you will check again it can be good result or bad result but that does not matter, it needed to get expected result. Also in payment link you can check the payment status on this time you are not debt but any time the status will show you are debt. In the student profile link The update of information to the student profile are not reliable, for example the timetable it can be better when a particular student check the timetable in his/her profile to avoid disturbance or any information are needed to be uploaded in student profile to show the accuracy of student to get new or particular information. Also there is problem when you editing information in your profile are not accuracy because you can edit and the system are not respond to make changes or sometime the changes are accepted. In the communication link In case of communication link there is no feedback/notification which can make you to know you request are sent or fail. For example you can send the email to the lecture, when you send the email have no notification which show you the email now is sent and there is no feedback from the lecturer to you, from example to tell you your request is on processed wait for a hour or a day. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW Literature review refers to the survey of important articles, books and other sources pertaining to your research topic. This review of the professional literature relevant to your research question will help to contextualize, or frame, your research. It will also give readers the necessary background to understand your research (Joffrey hoffer ). According to Student Management System of IFM we reviewed the whole system, the system tried to accomplish some of the need of the students and management but other task where not ell introduced. The system should be integrate means that the accuracy and consistency of stored data, indicated by any absence of any alteration in data between two updates of data record (joffrey Hoffer). now the student management system of IFM not integrated due to the reason that the available information are not consistent. User friendly refers as application, equipment, facility, process, or system that is compatible with its int ended user’s ability to use it easily and successfully (Balasubramanian,D 2001). According to IFM student management the system failed to maintain user friendly because there is a lot of scrolling in order for the user to see the other information which can reduce user intention. Feedback refers as the process in which the effect or output of an action is ‘returned’ (fed-back) to modify the next action. Feedback is essential to the working and survival of all regulatory mechanisms found living and non-living nature, and in man-made system such as education system (www. businessdictionary. com). In case of IFM student management system, the system does not provide any information when the student provides the communication to the management. CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY According to the problem or shortcoming demonstrated above, there are various ways that can be followed to investigate the real solution to the above problems but for this case â€Å"Rapid Application Development† and Conduct a literature review are the best methodologies to be used to accomplish the proposed project due to the following reasons * Methodologies radically decrease design and implementation time. Close collaboration between users, analysts and managers. System Development Methodology is a standard process followed in an organization to conduct all the steps necessary to analyze, design, implement, and maintain information systems. We suggest using Rapid Application Development (RAD) Methodology RAD is a software development methodology, which involves iterative development and the construction of prototypes. It involves extensive user involvement, prototyping, JAD sessions, integrated CASE tools, and code generators. Joint Application Design (JAD) is structured process involving users, analysts, and managers. Several-day intensive workgroup sessions. It uses customer involvement and group dynamics to accurately depict the users view of the business need and to jointly develop a solution. REFERENCES * Modern system analysis and design sixth edition by Jeffrey A. Hoffer, Joey F. George, Joseph S. Valacich. * www. businessdictionary. com * IFM Student Management System * Computer installation and servicing Balasubramanian,D 2001

Musculoskeletal and neurological diseases and healing in Veterinary Essay

Musculoskeletal and neurological diseases and healing in Veterinary Physiotherapy - Essay Example In addition, they include diseases such as encephalopathy, myelopathy and neuropathy. The techniques used to diagnose neurological diseases include laboratory test screening, radiography and electromyography, which research indicates can be used to confirm the location of a spinal pathology produced by tumours. The canine Wobbler syndrome is a neurological syndrome, which has different names depending on the variance in the neurological dysfunction. The syndrome is caused by abnormalities in the caudal cervical vertebrae and affects dogs. Even after a long period of research about the syndrome, there has been no medical or surgical regime, which was deemed appropriate for all the dogs affected with the syndrome. This neurological dysfunction is due to spinal cord compression from various malformations and this result to the deformity of the vertebral canal. This syndrome is caused by over nutrition because one of its symptoms is rapid growth. In the treatment of this disease, rationa l, medical, surgical and medical therapies have evolved from the recent studies of this syndrome. Musculoskeletal disease is a degenerative disease that brings inflammatory conditions causing pain and impairment of normal activities. Musculoskeletal disease affects different parts of the body, including the neck, shoulders, arms, feet, legs and the upper and lower back. The disease is caused by awkward sitting postures and doing repetitive straining activities. Musculoskeletal diseases involve soft tissues and therefore there are no visible signs of injury to the animals who have these conditions. The prevention of this condition is controlled from the places where the animals do high rates of strains activities and it’s in the same place where the animals are exposed to unsafe conditions. The animals subject to those risks are identified and the correct physical and psychosocial control measures taken. The control measures include

Helping Company Strategy to Help Your Career'The Perspective Of Middle Essay

Helping Company Strategy to Help Your Career'The Perspective Of Middle Level Managers - Essay Example Furthermore, they must work hand in hand with the senior managers to facilitate change and organizational learning. (b). How can middle level managers relate their departments/units' "strategies" or directions to the company (business line) level strategies so they can successfully manage their departments/units and their personal careers' Middle level managers must believe in their organizations and they must ensure that the strategies of their departments are aligned with the company's vision and the overall mission of the organization. Middle level managers would only succeed if their strategies are helpful in the short run as well as in the long run. They can successfully manage their departments and their personal careers when they would give utmost importance to their specified units and that how they can succeed in their careers and in their departments too. Moreover, middle level managers must believe that strategies are not just to satisfy regulatory requirements but they must be implemented in order to achieve the overall objectives of the organization. Middle level managers usually attain titles like General Manager, Plant Manager, and regional Manager etc. They can influence and shape the overall strategies of the company in a number of ways. They can depict entrepreneurial behavior and can successfully achieve corporate entrepreneurship in the organization. Their charismatic attitude can change the company's business line strategies and influence the overall business model of the company. Their personal careers can experience a boost when the organizational strategies are experiencing a positive phase and that's due to middle level managers. By effectively shaping the strategies of their departments they can present a positive view in from of the top management. (d). what other effective roles can middle level managers play in the development and execution of their company strategies' Middle level managers can play different roles in the development and execution of the company's strategies. Middle level managers perform the actual implementation work of strategies and they coordinate with low level managers and then develop a strategy and execute it. They are usually known as "change masters" as they modify their strategies for the betterment of their organization (David). Top level managers usually target them and low level managers needs motivation to work therefore they help both of them in the execution of strategy. They must coordinate with the top management and should focus on the core objectives of the organization when developing or executing a strategy. (e). At personal level, how can middle level managers help/support their bosses (i.e.., senior executives) in developing and executing company/business line strategies, thus to help their own (middle level managers') careers' The careers of middle level managers are based on the performance of their organiza