Thursday, August 22, 2019
Responsibilities of parenthood Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words
Responsibilities of parenthood - Essay Example And all of the above values and etiquettes are well inculcated by kids during common meal times. Thus, importance of having meal (and more preferably "dinner" because of its end of the day aura) together as a whole family is quite beneficial for children in terms of nutritional richness of food provided and the family conversation at the dining table. As cited from Rocketts article [1]: "Family dinner has been identified as a foundation of healthful food choices, possibly because of the higher quality of food served and the family conversations at the dinner table about healthful eating."[1] Family dinner has been from historical point of view important for that "special" interaction between its members that makes the bond between them stronger and everlasting in times of distress or threat. From the children's point of view, family dinners are important to understand the family values as well as other family members. meals together send the message that citizenship in a family entails certain standards beyond individual whims. This is where a family builds its identity and culture. Legends are passed down, jokes rendered, eventually the wider world examined through the lens of a family's values. In addition, younger kids pick up vocabulary and a sense of how conversation is structured [4]. The meal time ritual is important for both its social a... There are other benefits of taking the last meal of the day together, as explained; family dinner has opposite effect on weight gaining ability of adolescent children [1]. The direct relation is still under research (as of when the article was written), but taking a meal with family ensures a healthy and appropriate amount of meal goes inside children and adequate eating habits are formed from childhood itself. However, all is not said and done regarding family issues. There are many variables involved in the working of homes and families & every individual has to mould him/herself according to the circumstances prevalent at home. Double-income parents who have evening meetings that take them away from the table, workaholic spouses who don't come home at all, ringing telephone and last-but not the least- those ghastly memories of how children particularly when they are very small, behave when theyre at the table [3]. Historical aspect of family dinner [4] Back in the really olden days, dinner was seldom a ceremonial event for U.S. families. Only the very wealthy had a separate dining room. For most, meals were informal, a kind of rolling refueling; often only the men sat down. Not until the mid--19th century did the day acquire its middle-class rhythms and rituals; a proper dining room became a Victorian aspiration. When children were 8 or 9, they were allowed to join the adults at the table for instruction in proper etiquette. By the turn of the century, restaurants had appeared to cater to clerical workers, and in time, eating out became a recreational sport. [4]. Family dinner can be a respite from the hectic lives of family members to gather for a meal; it can improve the diet of the
Shay`s Rebellion Essay Example for Free
Shay`s Rebellion Essay The 1787 rebellion was led by Daniel shay. He was not much literate, but he portrayed charismatic character. The â€Å"who`s who†of the day had been labeled a rebel, traitor, and coward. However, those allegations were nothing but distant from the truth. He was a devoted nationalist, and a decent military officer supporting America’s devolution. He had devoted over five years of his life in service of America`s government. In addition, besides devoting his life to a patriotic course, he owned little property under his name and was also an accused person in a lawsuit. He mobilized oppressed citizens, both poor farmers and middle class town folks, who disagreed with the government’s actions during the time. He was able to consolidate a militia of over 2000 men. The militia was armed and willing to burn down Boston. According to miller (71), Jefferson heard of the rebellion while, in France but felt that it would not last long. He though that a little rebellion was okay. The political situation was a mess with a weak government that had limited resources and bottomless depts. As a result, they installed large tax levies on American citizens. The uprising divided America`s population into two with conservatives opting to keep of the war. Its events motivated great political progress. Political Events of the period preceding the rebellion depicted a need for big political changes. Voters expressed distaste in government`s actions by developing preference for new leaders. In 1787, Governor Bowdoin lost elections to John Hancock, whom he had defeated in all previous contentions. The people were determined to get rid of every element of oppressive governance. Sherriff Greenleaf was on the state`s side. He held official capacity in Lancaster and employed all possible resources, with the sole objective of monitoring how people related to the rebellion and stopping growth of the militia group. The rebellion created a situation where General Lincoln rejoined America`s political scene. His contributions were in support of America`s government. Shay`s rebellion against political tyranny, attracted attention from Alexander Hamilton, George Washington, and James Madison who thought that America needed to setup a new government system. Soon, they would start pursuing the agenda of d elivering a federal government system to the American people. Social America experienced a recession beginning in 1784. The government could not survive without extensive external funding let alone subsidizing public projects. They found that salvation could be achieved by demanding a tax increase. According to smith (6), the taxation levels were not ethical. The government tried to exploit farmers and casual laborers, however; their efforts did not make much difference as such persons initially made less money than tax demands. Therefore; the taxman made demands but did not receive equitable monies. Consequently, persons who failed to comply lost property and others were prosecuted in court. Government also owed to soldier. A currency circulation mess, where circulation did not match national wealth was not corrected by government. This led to further escalation of the already unpleasant situation. Crops did very well; farmers brought much harvest from the farms but attracted low market prices. Most farmers did not meet their tax obligations and soon lost rights to continue farming on their land. The labor industry was also in a chaotic situation. Few jobs were available for grab. What`s more, wages attached to such were not enough to get by on. Technology was not advanced and manufacturing did not take place. According to Humphrey and Richard (2), merchants and the government alike oppressed farmers. The rebellion was successful in inspiring a revision of tax rates. Soon, America`s taxman reviewed tax downwards. Cultural Shay`s rebellion was not supported by the conservative clergy. Racisms increased the disparity between the rich and struggling population. Majority of the rich folks were white while many African Americans were defined by poverty. Christianity was popular though it’s disputable that Christian virtues were followed to the letter, because; it appears that injustice consumed the social, economic, and political scene. Racial segregation created a window for crucifixion of the black community. Conservative clergy believed in superiority of white community, and openly displayed that African Americans occupy an inferior position relative to whites. Therefore, conservative clergy supported and felt that the system was just in its actions. They did not identify with the rebellion`s cry for change. In conclusion, the rebellion was an eruption after a period of constant economic, political, and cultural oppression. America`s population was divided along social status boundaries, living merchants and professionals on the side of government and farmers and laborers on the resistance side. The militia lost the battle but worn the war. They lost to the state but political figure lenient to Shay`s rebellion ideals assumed office and reduced the economic burden. Tax rates were revised. The period also inspired political revolution and resulted in a new government system. Works cited Humphrey, Thomas J., and Leonard L. Richards. Journal of American History 90.2 (2003): 625. Web. 18 July 2015. Miller, Brandon Marie. Thomas Jefferson For Kids. Chicago, Ill.: Chicago Review Press, 2011. Print. Smith, Jonathan. The Depression Of 1785 And Daniel Shays Rebellion. The William and Mary Quarterly 5.1 (1948): 77. Web. 18 July 2015.
Wednesday, August 21, 2019
Processes of Polyadenylation
Processes of Polyadenylation DNA once transcribed into mRNA it is transported to the cytoplasm. All mRNA’s including specific unspliced mRNA precursors contain the poly A tail with histon mRNA as an exception. But once they are transported to the cytoplasm there exist a poly (A) tail shift that is brought about by the degradation by RNases and rebuilding by cytoplasmic poly (A) polymerase. Discovery: James Darnell and his coworkers carried out various experiments to study and understand the process of polyadenylation. To begin with, they concentrated on the isolation of the poly (A) tail from the newly synthesized mRNA of the HeLa cell line using two subtypes of the enzyme RNase. The enzymes were; 1. RNase A which function as nucleases that cut after the pyrimidine nucleotides C and G and 2. RNase T1 which cuts after G nucleotides. Both these enzymes together helped in selection of pure runs of A’s. They then carried out centrifugation to separate the nucleus and cytoplasm to separate them according to their sizes and exposed them to the scintillation counter. The results obtained showed that both peaks of the nucleus and cytoplasm electrophoresed even slower than the 4S-tRNA and 5S-rRNA markers used (size markers). It also confirms the little difference in size that exist between the nuclear and cytoplasmic mRNA poly (A)’s. Position confirmation: To confirm the 3-prime position of the poly (A) tail they subjected mRNA to an enzyme RNase. On complete digestion it yielded one molecule of adenosine and about 200 molecules of AMP. This result also aided in concluding the size of the poly (A) tail to be about 200 nucleotides long but recent advances and studies have confirmed the size of the poly (A) tail to be about 250nt long. Activity of poly (A) polymerase: Furthermore it had to confirmed that the poly A tail hadn’t come from DNA transcription as the DNA doesn’t contain long runs of T’s. Therefore being a post transcription modification it stresses on the activity of the poly (A) polymerase that adds AMP residues one at a time to the mRNA synthesized during the transcription process. This can be confirmed with the use of actinomycin D that inhibits DNA-directed transcription but doesn’t inhibit polyadenylation. Role of the poly (A) tail: 1. Protects mRNA from degradation – Michel Revel and his colleagues studied the same by injecting globin mRNA with and without poly A tail into Xenopus oocyes and measured the rate of its synthesis at various intervals. They found a little difference at first but after 6 hours only the mRNA without the poly (A) tail couldn’t support translation. The simplest explanation they gave regarding the same was that the mRNA with the poly (A) tail had a longer shelf life therefore its protective in nature. 2. Stimulates translation of the attached mRNA- Poly (A)-binding protein (PAB 1) in eukaryotes boost the efficiency of the mRNA translation. This is confirmed by the invitro experiment that contained a capped and poladenylated mRNA excess poly (A) tails. When comparing with the control that lacked the excess poly (A) tails lower rates of translation was observed. This suggested that the free poly (A) tails competed with the poly (A) tails on the mRNA. Another control confirmed that in the absence of the mRNA the transciption rates were very low as it can’t bind to PAB1 efficiently. David Munroe and Allan Jacobson studied the effect of both capping and polyadenylation on the transcription of two synthetic mRNA’s(rabbit ÃŽ ² globin gene-RBG and vesicular stomatitis virus N gene –VSN.N under the influence of phage SP6 promoter) in rabbits reticulocytes. a) Polysome profi les. Munroe and Jacobson mixed 32P-labeled poly(A)1 (blue) and 3H-labeled poly(A)2 (red) mRNA with a rabbit reticulocyte extract, then separated polysomes from monosomes by sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation. The arrow denotes the monosome peak; fractions to the left of this peak are polysomes, and one can see the disome, trisome, and even higher polysome peaks. The poly(A)1 mRNA is clearly better at associating mRNA stability and translatability. The Basic Mechanism: Polyadenylation is assumed to occur either at the 3à ¡Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½-end of the primary transcript synthesized or at the polyadenylation site upsteam to the last coding site of the transcript. But polyadenylation begins even before the transcripts is synthesized as it involves a pre-transcriptional step of clipping of mRNA and then adding poly(A) tail to the newly exposed 3à ¡Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½-end. Thus the RNA polymerase can still be functioning as somewhere upstream the polyadenylation apparatus has already located a signal which can cut the mRNA upstream and polyadenylate it. Nevins and Darnell eliminated the first hypothesis by creating hybrids of radioactive RNA made in cells late in infection to DNA fragments of the major late region. If transcription halted at the first few genes after the first polyadenylation sites then much more transcripts would bind to the 5à ¡Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½-end rather than the 3à ¡Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½-end of the major late region. But it was seen that the RNA hybridized equally to both the ends confirming that once the transcription of the late gene has begun it runs all the way as there is only one transcription terminator at the end of the gene. Thus this region can be called as a transcription unit due to its ability to be transcribed as a whole though it contains multiple genes. They also went on to confirm the clipping of the mRNA pre translation. Erhard Hofer and James Darnell isolated labeled globin encoding RNA that was induced by dimethyl sulphoxide-DMSO and hybridized it to the ÃŽ ²-globin gene and regions downstream to the gene. They observed hybridization to fragments within the ÃŽ ²-globin gene and upto 500 bp downstream to the polyadenylation site. Thus confirming that transcription terminated about 500 bp beyond the polyadenylation site in both cellular and viral transcripts. Hofer and Darnell isolated nuclei from DMSO-stimulated Friend erythroleukemia cells and incubated them with [32P]UTP to label run-on RNAâ€â€mostly globin pre-mRNA. Then they hybridized this labeled RNA to DNA fragments A–F, whose locations and sizes are given in the diagram at top. The molarities of RNA hybridization to each fragment are given beneath each, with their standard deviations (s.d.). In the physical map at top, the exons are in red and the introns are in yellow. Polyadenylation signals: The polyadenylation signals depends on the kind of cell that is being transcribed. The signaling process of plants and animals also differ. At the DNA level in mammalian cells the 20 bp- ‘AATAAA’ sequence was discovered as the polyadenylation sequence by various molecular biologist in 1981. And at the RNA level, in mammalian and plants cells the ‘AAUAAA’ sequence about 20-nt upstream of their poly (A) is considered as the polyadenylation sequence. Another common variant ‘AUUAAA’ is also 80% efficient as ‘AAUAAA’. The other variants are less efficient and less common. Molly Fitzgerald and Thomas Shenk studied the importance of the RNA polyadenylation site. They created a recombinant SV40 virus with duplicate polyadenylation sequence 240 bp apart and carried out an S1 assay. They then carried out an S1 assay of the 3à ¡Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½-end which showed two signals 240 bp apart confirming the activity of both the sites. They then deleted one of the two polyadenylation sites one at a time and carried out the S1 assay again. The inserted polyadenylation site beyond the pre-mRNA couldn’t function if the site within the pre-mRNA was absent. Several other scientist studied this phenomenon and discovered another sequence present immediately downstream to the polyadenylation recognition site that affects polyadenylation. But the difficulty in further discovery of details regarding the same was difficult as this wasn’t a conserved sequence among invertebrates. This region was usually found to be a GU- or U- rich region 20 bp downstream to the polyadenylation recognition site. Anna Gil and Nicholas Proudfoot studied this hypothesis in detail and observed the following results: Added an extra copy of the whole polyadenylation signal upstream and carried out an S1 assay. This cloned DNA showed 90% efficiency. Deleted the 35-bp fragment containing the GU- and U- rich region. Polyadenylation process was hampered which explains its importance. Reconstructed clones containing either a GU- rich or a U- rich region. These clones showed however only 30% efficiency. Clones GU- and U- rich regions by an excess of 5-bp sequence between them. These clones showed only 30% efficiency confiming the importance of the spacing between them. Based on all these manipulations they concluded that for an efficient polyadenylation signal; (a)A polyadenylation recognition motif ‘AAUAAA’ followed by (b)A 23-25-bp GU-rich motif downstream immediately followed by (c) A U- rich motif. POLY (A) POLYMERASE: The poly (A) polymerase (PAP) was discovered by James Manley in 1991. He cloned their genome and discovered two different cDNA’s that had variable 3à ¡Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ends due to two alternative splicing methods giving rise to two different PAP’s (PAP-à †, PAP-à  [the most important], four additional PAP). They differ in the amino acids sequences present at their carboxy termini but the PAB-à  consists of consensus sequences that overlap with the known functional sequences of proteins. The genome consists of :1. RNA-binding domain (RBD), 2. Polymerase module (PM), 3. Two nuclear localization signals (NLS-1 and NLS-2), 4. Serine/Threonine-rich regions S/T. Polyadenylation at the amino terminal. The mRNA is polyadenylated before leaving the cytoplasm as well as after entering the cytoplasm. However these two adenylations could be distinguished by Sheiness and Darnell due to their slight difference in size. They confirmed the same by carrying out various assays against the isolated mRNA that was grown in labeled RNA for 48 hours. The nuclear RNA, cytoplasmic RNA, and 5sRNA marker showed peaks as seen in the figure alongside. The major peaks thus obtained are 210 ±20nt and 190 ±20nt for the nuclear and cytoplasmic poly (A) tail respectively. About 50nt RNA’s are present in this broad peak. Maurice Sussman, in 1970 gave the ‘ticketing’ hypothesis which encompasses the theory of each RNA having a ticket to gain entry to the ribosome and further ticket punching everytime it got translated. Thus after a particular limit, it can’t longer undergo protein synthesis which another reason for the shortening of the poly (A) tail. Thus the 3à ¡Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½-end shortening of the poly(A) tail clearly depends on the some other factor other than translation or the ticket like some post-transcriptional modification. It has been observed that the poly(A) tail has not only been shortened in the cytoplasm but it also turns over. This inverted poly(A) tail is susceptible to RNase degradation and elongation by the cytoplasmic poly(A) polymerase simultaneously. This continues till the mRNA looses all or almost all of the nuclear poly(A) tail. This happens when its almost time for the demise of the mRNA. Cytoplasmic polyadenylation This process is best studied in Xenopus oocytes. Administration of progesterone to their oocytes cause stimulation of the deadenylation of maternal mRNA’or maternal message. Polyadenylation the actual process: The process involves the recognition of that conserved polyadenylation motif, RNA cleavage and polyadenylation. Pre mRNA cleavage: The proteins responsible for this cleavage are: Shrenk and his colleagues carried out various experiments confirming the importance of these cleavage factors. Cleavage polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF)- Its one of the most important factors. Its subunit CPSF-73is related to ELAC that cleaves pre-tRNA’s to generate their 3à ¡Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½-end. They are known as ÃŽ ²-lactamase superfamily of Zn (as they contain 2 Zn ions at their active site necessary for RNase activity) dependent hydrolases. Cleavage stimulating factor (CSF) – Its one of the most important ones. It bindings to the GU- rich region, together and stably. Cleavage factors (CF à †and CF à  )- The poly (A) polymerase- This immediate coupling is so strong that no cleaved unpolyadenylated RNA’s can be found. The RNA polymerase à  (containing the carboxy terminal domain-CTD and its phosphorylation status). Yukata Hirose and James Manley expressed CTD as a fusion protein with glutathionine-s transferase. They then purified the protein by glutathionine affinity chromatography and the phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated forms were exposed to the cleavage assay with adenovirus L3 pre-mRNA. The results obtained confirmed that (a) the activity of CTD is independent of transcription and (b) After incubating the phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated forms of the enzyme along with all the other cleavage factors showed that the phosphorylated forms five times batter cleavage. This can be explained as the phosphorylated form of CTD is present in the polymerase à  that carries out transcription. Polyadenylation initiation: Once the pre-mRNA is cleaved using the factors described above its polyadenylation process takes place in two phases. The first initiations phase consists of the slow addition of the first 10 A’s. This phase depends on the ‘AAUAAA’ signal. The second phase is independent of the initial ‘AAUAAA’ signal but it depends on the existing 10 A’s added to the pre-mRNA. This phase involves rapid addition of about 200 or more A’s along the length, thus called elongation. The initiation signal that carries out polyadenylation is none other than the cleavage signal which attracts the cleavage enzyme that specifically recognizes the AAUAAA motif and cuts the RNA 20 nucleotide downstream. This thaught was discarded because as the cleavage enzyme prior to polyadenylation has already cut the downstream GU-rich and U-rich sequence. Thus it’s this 8 nucleotide GU/U-rich sequence post the AAUAAA motif that brings about this adenylation. Marvin Wickens and his colleagues used two parameters (a) a poly (A) polymerase and (b) a specificity factor CPSF that binds to the pre mRNA. Both these factors work well when substrates are in high concentration but the assay carried out was using low substrate concentrations. The figure alongside explains their experiments, Lane 1- shows no polyadenylation by poly (A) polymerase by itself in low concentrations of substrates, Lane 2- shows no polyadenylation as the CPSF alone can’t detect the AAUAAA motif, Lane 3- shows polyadenylation with both factors together and Lane 4- shows that both factors can’t polyadenylate a substrate with an aberrant signal like AAUAAA. But however this dependency is temporary i.e. after the addition of the first 10 nucleotides it enters the elongation phase that’s independent of these two factors. ELONGATION OF POLY (A) TAIL: While studying the fact that the initiation is independent of the CPSF factor, another interesting fact came to be known that a purified poly (A) polymerase could carry out elongation very poorly on its own. Whale further explored this by designing experiments which consisted of purification of the poly (A) polymerase and its polyadenylation capability comparison in various conditions. Purification of the poly (A) polymerase using PAGE gave two fractions – a major 49-kD polypeptide (PAB-à †) as well as a minor 70kD polypeptide (PAB-à  ). This latter band however was found to have a variable nature and was even absent in some preparations. Whale’s experiments further showed high activity of this 49-kD polypeptide coinciding with high activity of the poly (A) polymerase using a nitrocellulose filter binding assay. He also tested this fraction’s capability of polyadenylation in the presence of the CPSF and poly (A) polymerase and found the same results. He therefore named this fraction as poly (A) binding proteinà  (PAB- à  ). Thus he confirmed that PAB-à  acts like CPSF but binds to poly (A) polymerase instead of the AAUAAA motif on the RNA. Its activity is high only in the elongation phase but is found absent in the initiation phase. He carried out another experiment to find the interdependence of these two factors with their interdependence on the polyadenylation process using the poly (A) polymerase. When either CPSF or PAB-à  was added to a solution that contained mRNA and poly (A) polymerase, the polyadenylation process was found to be active. But it showed higher polyadenylation capabilities in presence of both the factors. Thus this whole process can be summarized by the proposed figure below:-
Tuesday, August 20, 2019
Martin Luther King’s Letter from Birmingham Jail Essay -- Martin Luthe
Martin Luther King’s â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail†is an excellent example of an effective argument; it was written in response to an editorial addressing the issue of Negro demonstrations and segregation in Alabama at the time. He writes in a way that makes his argument approachable; he is not attacking his opposition, which consists of eight Alabama clergymen who wrote the editorial. This is illustrated in his opening sentence: â€Å"My dear Fellow Clergymen†(464). King was an activist for civil rights during this time, and came to Alabama to help out his fellow brothers that were facing opposition. He was concerned with the monologue rather than dialogue that was going on during this time in Alabama; where each side would talk about the problem but never get together to negotiate and seek a solution. The clergymen’s editorial along with the unjust circumstances for Negroes at the time in Alabama was King’s driving force in writing this letter from his jail cell, and created an outline of a strong argument for many years to come. I have found through engaging in arguments with friends and in classes that a personal point comes across more clearly when you just present your point of view without condemning the other party. People are more likely to listen to a personal opinion or an opposing view of argument when there is no tension. Also, to the audience the argument becomes more credible when one is not attacking the opposing side. King knows that he is speaking to not only the white clergymen, but to the white moderates on a much larger scale. King addresses these moderates, saying that they are often times the most dangerous of his opposition, for at least the extremists know where they stand. He states: I have r... ... was diminished years ago? We read this because it is commonly said that â€Å"If we do not learn from history, then we are doomed to repeat it.†The racial issues are still not solved today; sexism and prejudices are evident in today’s society. King’s argument includes underlying truths that can be learned by all. Here is a man who was bold for his cause at a time that he could have, and was, killed for his beliefs; he stood up for what he thought was right, even if it was not popular at the time. Overall, King’s argument is still relevant to society and to times today, even if it is not exactly dealing with the same issues on the same level. Works Cited King, Martin Luther Jr. "Letter from Birmingham Jail." A World of Ideas: Essential Readings for College Writers. Ed. Lee A. Jacobus. Trans. Stephen Mitchell. 7th ed. New York: Bedford/St. Martins, 2006.
Monday, August 19, 2019
Ageism and the Media Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Topics
Ageism and the Media  Women over forty are constantly being either ignored or belittled in the media. There are countless women in their twenties and early thirties all over television and the movies. In magazines, the models tend to be much younger. Many are under twenty. Model Roxanne Daner is only 17, but her career will be over by the time she's 20. "I'm afraid to get old. I already feel old. I like to tell people that I'm 17, because 17 sounds young and they think that there is so much ahead for you. But 18, it's like there is not that much more - there's really only two more years." (Changing Face of Beauty: Illusions). According to the U.S. Census Bureau, 42% of Americans are fourty and older. In 1999, the Screen Actors Guild reported that only 1 in three roles went to performers over fourty. However, women over fourty fared worse than men of the same age. While 37% of male roles in television and film went to men fourty-years-old and over, only 24% went to women of the same age. 34% of male lead roles went to older men while only 21% went to older female leads. These depictions of older females are far from accurate when compared to the population. Now that's not to say that there's nothing out there - surly there are some additions to the re-runs of the Golden Girls - "the Bridges of Madison County," even older sex symbols like Sean Connery. But nothing commensurate with the size, wealth, and media dedication of the older population. (Starr) Of the top ten network television shows (excluding reality shows and game shows) for March 5-11, 2001; all ten portrayed men over forty while only seven portrayed women over forty. There were twenty-five males and seven females over forty. For every one female, t... ...ww.lifetimetv.com/shows/specials/changingface/illusions2.html Life Time Entertainment Services. 2000 Changing Face of Beauty: Models http://www.lifetimetv.com/shows/specials/changingface/models.html Life Time Entertainment Services. 2000 Changing Face of Beauty: Views. "Sela Ward" http://www.lifetimetv.com/shows/specials/changingface/views5b.html Life Time Entertainment Services. 2000 Changing Face of Beauty: Views. "Maricia Gillespie" http://www.lifetimetv.com/shows/specials/changingface/views.html Life Time Entertainment Services. 2000 Douglas, Susan J. Where the Girls Are: Growing Up Female with the Mass Media. New York: Random House Publishing, 1994, 278. Starr, Bernard. IT AIN'T JUST PAINT:AGING AND THE MEDIA  http://www.longevityworld.com/justpaint.html. 1997 Wolff, Naomi. The Beauty Myth. New York: Doubleday Publishing, 1991 Â
Sunday, August 18, 2019
An International comparison of funding and expenditures for education :: essays research papers
An international comparison of funding & expenditures for education (Canada, France, Japan, united states) I.     A Comparison of Educational Systems: A.     Curriculum B.     Duration of teacher training and certification programs C.     Existence of entrance/exit exams D.     Ethic homogeneity (90% of entire population from one ethnic group) E.     Age for starting school F.     Average days in a school year G.     Average minutes of instruction in a school day H.     Student achievement I.     Pupil/teacher ratios J.     Percent of schools with one or more problems II.     Where does the $ Come From? III.     Where does the $ Go? Duration of teacher training and certification programs Country          Length of training (years)          Academic Program Canada               4 (A gradual move is being made          General education at the university                towards 5 years of teacher           and 1-year of professional training                preparation)                    and instruction in curriculum and                                         teaching classes in contextual                                         dimensions. France               Primary: 4                    Primary: First three year spent in a license                Secondary: 5 or more               Program on any subject; then one year                                         Is spent on curriculum training. Secondary: first four years spent obtaining a degree in the subject to be taught; then 1-year teacher training on curriculum/instruction Japan               First class elementary and lower          First class elementary and lower secondary                Secondary certificate: 4               teachers earn a Bachelor’s degree focusing                First class upper secondary: 6          on general subjects and pedagogy                Second class elementary and          First class upper secondary: Bachelor’s                Lower secondary certificate: 2          degree with less focus on pedagogy                Second class upper secondary: 4          Plus 2 additional years of training on                                         Curriculum and instruction                                         Second class elementary and lower                                         Secondary, Second class upper secondary:                                         Four years of general studies United States     4                         Particular emphases are shaped by                               Regulations, but usually include general                               Concentration in the academic subjects                               Teachers plan to teach (if they are in                               Secondary instruction) and in pedagogy Existence of Exit/Entrance Exams Country          Existence of exit/entrance exams          Name and type of examination Canada               Yes                              Exit exams from secondary                                              School in some provinces. France               Yes                              a) Baccalaureat – Exit                                              Examination from lycee                                              (academic high schools) and                                              university entrance exams. b)     Brevet des college: non- Compulsory exam at the end Of lower secondary school Japan               Yes                              a) Entrance examination for                                              Upper secondary school; b)     Test of the National Center For University Entrance Exam (TNCUEE); and c)     Entrance exams for Individual universities United States          Yes                              SAT/ACT – University entrance                                              Examinations.                                              Minimum competence tests in                                              Some states. Other Characteristics Ethnic Homogeneity (90% of entire population from one ethnic group):      Canada – No               France – Yes          United States – No          Japan – Yes     Average age for starting school:      Canada – 6               France – 6      United States – 6          Japan – 6 Age of compulsory education:      Canada – 6 – 16          France – 6 – 16
Saturday, August 17, 2019
Security Monitoring
Security Monitoring Amy Smart CMGT/442 University of Phoenix Online Instructor: James Summerlin April 15,2013 Security Monitoring In this paper we will be discussing security monitoring techniques that can and should be used within an organization to help put together an solid action plan when there is an risk identified. For any business or organization to ensure that they are conducting quality business to their customers as well as achieving their business goals should consider risk management as an huge part of their organization. Security Monitoring ProcessThe organization IT department and e- commerce applications are the ones that conduct security monitoring and measuring. Security monitoring is very important, because it is the process of preventing attacks and responding to threats that could happen in the future. An organizations can prevent small risk from turning into a bigger and more expensive problem by taking preventative steps. The IT department should be monitoring the system at all times and it must be implemented both externally and internally. However the first step each organization should take when starting the monitoring system is to first discuss what a potential risk is.For an organization to truly have an secure system they must determine an list of risk. Businesses and organizations can use security monitoring to ensure both integrity and confidentiality for sensitive information. As well as holding IT administrators responsible for keeping their organizations sensitive and financial assets safe and secure from unwanted eyes. Internal IT and Secure Monitoring Processes The security monitoring activities that should be conducted in an organization with both internal IT payroll, human resources, inventory, general ledger, inventory monitoring.However these internal structures constantly grow and increase revenue and the possible risks are also always growing and increasing. So for an organization to make sure that there information is safe and secure they will have to make sure that they have their network secure. There are an number of tools an business or organization could use to help keep the network secure, but we will only be discussing a few. The first step would be to create an good an strong password. The pros on having an password would be that it helps to protect unwanted users on their computers.However employees could forget the password so the organization would have to decide if that was an problem then they may want to have an only IT members knowing the password. Then we would have to decide which network firewall would work best for their business. The network firewall is very important to have, because it protects the network from unwanted users and can be used from small company networks to large corporate system. Another great tool to use to keep the organization network secure internet filtering software and monitoring tools, which would be used to protect their employers from inappropriate usage from their employees.Lastly vulnerability assessment and penetration testing is an very great tool to use, because any company that does any business online should and needs to perform an regular vulnerability assessment on their network. The next step in keeping all the organization personal and financial information secure would be to set in place an antivirus protection. Antivirus is important to have because it will protect the computer and the information store in it safe from virus that can wreak havoc on your computer and the information store upon it as well.However antivirus cannot do it alone so by also making sure the organization computer are always up-to- date and running properly is another step closer to being fully protected. Some examples of Antivirus software would be Norton, AVG, Shield Deluxe, or Panda Antivirus Pro, and all are very good antivirus software to use to keep their computers safe and secure. Data security is the next step in which an organizati on needs to take to make sure that their whole system is safe and secure from the inside out. Establishing an strong password is the first level of defense to keeping data secure.The next would be to make sure that there is an strong firewall, by having firewalls in place will help to keep the network properly protected from viruses and hackers. Data security is also achieved by having antivirus and anti- malware which is an systems last line of defense if everything else has failed. Having an organizations computer systems up to date and running properly is another great step to keeping their data safe, because if their computer software is not up to date then it won't be able to provide the upmost protection towards their personal data.Performing backups to the external hard drive is the best way to insure that all the data is stored safely. Then lastly is to have their IT department monitor diligently so that they can look for specific information coming out of their network. In conclusion we have discussed the security monitoring activities that should be conducted in an organization with both internal IT payroll, human resources, inventory, general ledger, inventory monitoring. As well as how important each one of these activities are and how they help to monitor and keep their system safe and secure from unwanted eyes.
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